I'm interested in knowing what, if anything, I can learn from Tor that might be transferable to working with a VPN. Just to be clear, I'm not the least bit interested in running Tor in conjunction with a VPN, either before, or after the Tor connection. (2) How is the DNS leakage prevented? (3) Is the method transferable to preventing the DNS leak when using a VPN with Linux? Questions: (1) Does Tor itself prevent the DNS leak, or is it the total environment provided by the Tor Browser bundle that prevents it? Likewise, inserting block-outside-dns into the relevant OpenVPN config file (under Windows) seems to solve the problem. The supplied desktop applications of several VPN providers have an option to use their own DNS servers, and no leakage is apparent. In Windows, the situation is a bit better with regard to using a VPN. Although cursory check with often suggest that the DNS is not being leaked, using the more extensive test that's provided shows that the DNS is actually being served by my regular ISP. In particular, no modifications of the relevant OpenVPN config files seems to inhibit leakage of the DNS. Despite testing the advice of numerous different purported solutions (such as this, this and this) I have found none that works, perhaps because the answers to the questions are (or appear at least) to be provided by people who have found ad-hoc solutions rather than by experts in OpenVPN. In contrast, VPNs on Linux always seem to leak the DNS.
In fact, I get the impression that the DNS is provided by the usual DNS service of whatever Tor Exit Node I'm routed through.
For example, if I connect to in Tor Browser, using even the most lax of the security settings, the DNS servers that are reported are all completely different than those I usually use from my ISP. If I look for DNS leaks when using Tor Browser, I find none.
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